What actions can be done with files. Operations performed on files and folders. Files and file system

Progress of the lesson

1. Organizational point: greeting, checking attendance and readiness for class

2. Statement of the topic, purpose of the lesson, evaluation criteria

Updating knowledge (repetition of learned material)

Currently, all operating systems for personal computers provide user interaction using GUI.

This allows even a novice computer user to work confidently in the environment operating system(perform file operations, launch programs, etc.).

Explanation of new material

GUIallows human interaction with a computer in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus and controls (dialog panels, buttons, etc.).

The Windows operating system has a fairly convenient graphical interface, built on the following basic elements:

Desktop

Task bar

Window

4.Dialog components (menus, toolbars, buttons, ...)

Pictograms and labels

Desktop (PC)- initial state of the MS Windows dialog environment. The PC opens on the screen after starting MS Windows. On the “surface” of the PC there are shortcuts to the most frequently used applications, documents, folders, and devices.








Files and file system

All programs and data are stored in the long-term (external) memory of the computer in the form of files.

File- this is a certain amount of information (program or data) that has a name and is stored in long-term (external) memory.

File name. The file name consists of two parts, separated by a dot: the actual file name and the extension that determines its type (program, data, and so on). The actual name of the file is given by the user, and the file type is usually set automatically by the program when it is created (Table 4.2).

There are different operating systems various formats file names. In the operating room MS-DOS system the file name itself must contain no more than 8 letters of the Latin alphabet, numbers and some special characters, and the extension consists of three Latin letters, for example: proba.txt



In the operating room Windows system The file name can be up to 255 characters long, and you can use the Russian alphabet, for example: Information units.doc

File system. On each storage medium (flexible, rigid or laserdisc) can be stored a large number of files. The order in which files are stored on disk is determined by the file system used.

Each disk is divided into two areas: a file storage area and a directory. The directory contains the name of the file and an indication of where it begins on disk. If we draw an analogy between a disk and a book, the file storage area corresponds to its contents, and the directory corresponds to the table of contents. Moreover, a book consists of pages, and a disk consists of sectors.

For disks with a small number of files (up to several dozen) can be used single-level file system, when the directory (disk table of contents) is a linear sequence of file names (Table 4.3). Such a catalog can be compared to the table of contents of a children's book, which contains only the titles of individual stories.

If hundreds and thousands of files are stored on the disk, then for ease of searching, use multi-level hierarchical file system, which has a tree structure. Such a hierarchical system can be compared, for example, with the table of contents of a given textbook, which is a hierarchical system of sections, chapters, paragraphs and points.

The initial, root directory contains subdirectories of the 1st level, in turn, each of the latter can contain subdirectories of the 2nd level, and so on. It should be noted that files can be stored in directories of all levels.

For example, the root directory may contain two 1st level subdirectories (Directory_1, Directory_2) and one file (File_1). In turn, in the 1st level directory (Directory_1) there are two subdirectories of the second level (Directory_1.1 and Directory_1.2) and one file (File_1.1) - fig. 4.21.

File systemis a file storage and directory organization system.

Basic operations with files.

While working on a computer, the following operations are most often performed on files:

  • copying (a copy of the file is placed in another directory);
  • moving (the file itself is moved to another directory);
  • deletion (the file entry is deleted from the directory);
  • renaming (file name changes).

Graphic Windows interface allows you to perform operations on files using the mouse using the Drag&Drop method (drag and drop). There are also specialized applications for working with files, the so-called file managers : Norton Commander, Windows Commander, Explorer, etc.

In some cases it becomes necessary to work with the interface command line. Windows provides a mode for working with the MS-DOS command line interface.

Summing up the lesson

6. Reflection:

What did you remember from the lesson?

What did you like?

What were the difficulties?

7. Homework: records.

» » » Working with files and folders in Windows XP: operations with objects

Working with files and folders in Windows XP: operations with objects

Working with files and folders in Windows XP

One of the most important functions of a computer is storing information. A file is both a storage location and an object with which you can perform a number of operations. Files are stored in folders, also called directories. They are also objects.

Object context menu

In Windows XP, each object has context menu, which is displayed when you right-click. You can do some operations through the menu

  1. Open
  2. Open with – select a program, for example, for audio or video
  3. Find
  4. Send – there is a submenu with commands for moving, creating a shortcut, archiving
  5. Rename
  6. Copy
  7. Cut
  8. Insert
  9. Properties – opens a window where you can find out the address

Here are shortcuts to some utility programs

The menu varies depending on the type of property. Menu items may differ for a file, folder, or program.

Folder types

  • Root – in Windows XP “My Computer” and folder system disk(usually C:).
  • System - contain content created during OS installation. Are situated in Windows folder. There are also located hidden files.
  • User - a place to store user-created content.
  • Management folders
  • Network neighborhood folders
  • Basket
  • Hidden – system folders that are not displayed in Explorer by default.

File types

File types, or formats, are reflected in the extension after the name. This is a dot and Latin letters, from two to four. They indicate the encoding type. For example, .jpg is always a drawing.

A separate type is a label. This is a pointer to the file where its address is stored. It is easily recognizable as it is presented in the form of a pictogram. When you hover the mouse, the file name and extension appear.

Hidden files are used to manage content. For example, hidden files are always present in folders with graphics or multimedia objects.

Archive is a file that stores compressed (packed) files that take up less disk space.

The registry contains hidden files where system parameters are written

You can set a password for some objects.

Its creation is subject to special rules:

  • Use of Latin alphabet and numbers
  • No spaces
  • Replacing spaces with underscores

Windows XP does not provide for assigning a password for an individual object; there are third-party programs for this.

The folder system is organized in the form of a tree.

By right-clicking “Start”, select “Explorer” and in the left pane you will see a folder tree displayed in the form of a list.

  1. The tree is collapsed, only the root directories of the disks are displayed,
  2. Clicking on the cross opens the subfolders of the disk
  3. The “My Documents” folder expands in the same way.
  4. Selecting a directory reveals all contained objects in the right pane

Addressing system

To understand the variety of objects, each “storage unit” is assigned an address where it can be found. The address is written as a path from the folder top level through intermediate ones to the one in which the desired file is located.

The full path starts from the root folder of the disk. This addressing method is used when the computer has several logical drives. If there is only one, most often the addressing is partial.

The full path to the My Scanned Images folder looks something like this:

C:Documents and SettingsusernameMy DocumentsMy DrawingsMy Scanned Images.

The root folder is always followed by a colon. Between the separators are the names of the directories that should be opened one after the other.

Working with folders in Explorer

  1. Service – opens folder settings. Usually, among all, change the item Tools -> Folder Options -> View -> Show hidden files and folders
  2. Search – changes the window view, opens the search panel in the open object.
  3. Synchronization – used for remote collaboration.
  4. Change view – drop down button with list of options
  5. Level navigation:
    1. Return to previous
    2. Move up a level
    3. Go to the selected object.

Working with the Accounts folder

Start -> Control Panel -> Accounts

On the first page you can select a task or select an account to change

On the second:

  • Change username
  • Change or remove password
  • Change picture
  • Change account type
  • Use Passport.NET

Working with the cart

Here you can run only two commands in Windows XP:

  1. Empty trash
  2. Recover (directory or file)

Basic operations with files and folders

Open

To use the program and work with a document, you need to open the object. This can be done in several ways

  1. Double click on the shortcut on the desktop
  2. Double-click on the folder or file name in Explorer
  3. Click on the shortcut in the panel quick launch
  4. Click on the name in the Main Menu

The command is used for files created by the user or downloaded from the Internet, flash drive or camera. Initial saving is “Save As”. You meet the Guide again. Don't rush to click the "Save" button.

  1. Remember the path to the save folder.
  2. If necessary, open another, more appropriate folder or create a new one.
  3. Type the file name using the keyboard. The name must be unique within this folder. It is recommended to give meaningful names that reflect the content.
  4. Click the "Save" button.

You can save files only in user folders(My Documents, Shared Documents) or on the Desktop. You should not use the root or system folder to save.

Create a folder

You can create your directory in Explorer:

  1. Click on the icon -> write a name -> OK.
  2. Right-click on an empty space in the Explorer window
    -> create a folder -> enter a name -> OK.

The second way is to create a folder on your desktop.

Select objects

  1. One is highlighted by clicking on the shortcut on the desktop or in Explorer
  2. Several in a row: click on the first -> hold down the Shift key -> click on the last
  3. Somewhat selectively: click on the first one -> hold down the Ctrl key -> successively click on the rest.

Move

To move an object you need two folders:

  1. Source
  2. Receiver

Option 1:

  1. In the context menu of the object to be moved, give the command “Cut” (it is placed on the clipboard)
  2. In the destination folder, in the menu – “Paste”

Option 2:

Open both folders and drag an item from one to the other.

Rename

  1. Call menu -> rename -> enter new name -> OK
  2. In Explorer or on the desktop, make two clicks on the object with a short pause. The file name will be highlighted under the shortcut. Delete it without touching the extension and enter a new name.

Collapse

  1. Click on the “-” icon in the upper right corner of the window
  2. All open objects are reflected in the taskbar (below the desktop). Clicking on an object's name collapses it.

Expand

  1. Click on the name in the taskbar.

Close

  1. Window control button
  2. From the name menu in the taskbar

Find

The search is carried out in a special window. It can be opened in one of the following ways:

  1. Start -> Find
  2. Start (right click) -> Explorer -> Search
  3. Start (right click) -> Find

Windows XP provides a file search system using the following criteria:

  1. By name
  2. By extension
  3. By word or phrase in the file
  4. By date modified
  5. By file size, approximate or exact
  6. Additionally, the search area is indicated (select from the list under the drop-down button)
  7. What types of folders to look in

Naturally, you must know at least one of these parameters.

Delete

  1. Removing to the trash: select the object -> press Delete on the keyboard -> Yes. The object is placed in the Recycle Bin folder and can be restored to its original location.
  2. 2. Deleting permanently: select the object -> simultaneously press the Shift + Delete keys -> Yes. Be careful, objects deleted this way cannot be restored.

Create a shortcut

The first method: call the file or folder menu -> Send to -> Desktop (create a shortcut).

The second method is if you know the path to the file (folder):

  1. Open menu on desktop
  2. Review
  3. By clicking on the crosses, open the folders sequentially
  4. Select the file (folder) for which the shortcut is created -> OK
  5. Further
  6. Ready

Move the shortcut to the quick launch bar - hold down the left button and drag it to the left side of the taskbar (next to the Start button)

Archive (pack)

  1. Menu -> Send to -> Compressed ZIP Folder
  2. An archive shortcut will appear.

Unzip (unzip):

Select one of three options from the menu.

You can assign a password for the archive:

  1. Add (close file selection window)
  2. Additionally
  3. Click “Set Password”
  4. Enter password twice
  • Write the password on paper first, and then copy it into the input field to avoid mistakes. Do not use the same password for different objects.
  • When working with multiple windows, do not close them, but minimize them to the taskbar.
  • Do not download anything other than shortcuts to your desktop.
  • Don't delete hidden ones system files, except in cases where the folder with graphics or multimedia files is deleted.
  • Do not edit system files.

When solving problems on a computer, the user has to perform some actions related to maintaining folders and files: creating folders and files, copying, moving, deleting them. Actions for maintaining folders and files can be carried out using Conductor or using Folder windows.

Creating a folder: to create a folder nested within another folder, you need to open the "parent" folder using Conductor or Folder window. Next, you can use either the menu item ( File), or the context menu, then run the command New→Folder→Type folder name→ press a key Enter.

Copying/moving folders and files: files and folders can be copied/moved from disk and/or from folder to folder. When moving, the folder/file is “deleted” from its original location, when copying, a copy is created, and everything original remains in the same place.
Ways to perform these operations:
-two step process using clipboard, drag and drop with mouse button. When moving a folder/file, you can use Conductor or Folder Window.

Renaming a folder/file: to rename an object, you need to select it and apply the command Rename from the menu File or context menu. Then enter a new name or correct the old one.

Deleting folders/files: Basket- this is special system folder, which contains deleted folders and files. Folders and files are stored in the Recycle Bin until they are deleted from Baskets or Basket will not be completely cleared. To delete a folder/file, you need to select them and then use the command Delete from the menu File or context menu, or press the key Delete. The system will ask for confirmation to delete the selected objects. Deleted files can also be recovered using the Recycle Bin, but for a long time deleted files may be removed from the Cart automatically, since its size is limited.

Label is a file containing a pointer (link) to some object in the resource tree: another file, folder or printer. A shortcut provides direct access to an object, for example, from the desktop.

Clipboard- this is a special area random access memory, maintained by the system, is designed to transfer data between applications (fragments of text, graphics, etc.). The clipboard attempts to maintain format compatibility, at least when transferring a portion of a document between related applications. To transfer data via the clipboard, you need to copy the selected fragment of the document to the clipboard, then go to another application, place the cursor at the insertion location and paste the fragment from the clipboard.

18) Maintenance of external memory devices using utilities OS.


19) Basic interface controls Windows user. Object-oriented approach to organizing the interface.

Interface element- a graphical user interface primitive that has a standard appearance and performs standard actions.

Typical interface elements :

Button

Radio button

Check box

Icon (icon)

List box

Tree - hierarchical list (tree view)

Combo box, drop-down list

Edit field (textbox, edit field)

Element for displaying tabular data (grid view)

Menu

Main menu of the window (main menu)

Popup menu

Pull down menu

Window

Panel

Dialog box

Modal window

Tab

Toolbar

Scrollbar

Slider

Status bar

Tooltip, hint

Meet and other controls , which may not be included in some sets:

Radial menu - a ring menu around the cursor. A menu item is selected by moving the cursor in the direction of the menu item.

Sequential selection button - an element in which a value is selected by successively clicking the mouse on it. Unlike a drop-down list, this button does not allow you to see values ​​other than the selected one.

Counter is a bidirectional option for numeric values. Pressing the button allows you to change the parameter value by one up or down.

Heads-up display - displays the values ​​of some parameters or important messages on top of all elements.

A bubble is a clue, like a phylactery in comics, that points to the element that is the source of the message.

The knob is a rotating control element, similar to the tuning knob on many radios. It can be either single or multi-turn.

A hidden widget is an element that allows you to hide some of the controls when they are not in use.

Object-oriented, or object, programming(hereinafter OOP) is a programming paradigm in which the main concepts are the concepts of objects and classes. In the case of prototyping languages, prototype objects are used instead of classes.

Basic concepts:

- Abstraction- this is a way to highlight a set of significant characteristics of an object, excluding insignificant ones from consideration. Accordingly, abstraction is a set of all such characteristics.

- Encapsulation is a system property that allows you to combine data and methods that work with them in a class and hide implementation details from the user.

- Inheritance- this is a property of the system that allows you to describe a new class based on an existing one with partially or completely borrowed functionality.

- Polymorphism- this is the property of the system to use objects with the same interface without information about the type and internal structure of the object.

- Prototype- this is a sample object, in the image and likeness of which other objects are created.

At the center of OOP is the concept of object. An object is an entity to which messages can be sent and which can respond to them using its data. The object's data is hidden from the rest of the program. Hiding data is called encapsulation.

The presence of encapsulation is sufficient for the objectivity of a programming language, but does not yet mean that it is object-oriented - this requires the presence of inheritance.

But even the presence of encapsulation and inheritance does not make a programming language fully object-based from an OOP point of view. The main advantages of OOP only appear when polymorphism is implemented in the programming language; that is, the possibility of objects with the same specification having different implementations.

The Self language, observing many of the basic principles of object-oriented programming, introduced the concept of a prototype as an alternative to classes, laying the foundation for prototype programming, which is considered a subtype of object programming.

20) Setting up the user interface. Setting up the Main Menu and Desktop.

Customizing the User Interface: Windows supports three types user interface: Web-like, classical And mixed. The interface is configured as follows: Start→Settings→Folder Options→Tab General→Type selection. If type is selected Mixed, then you need to press the button Tune and set the value of the settings. The following describes the working methods adopted in the classic interface.

Main Menu Settings: Windows allows you to add new items to the Main Menu, but only at the top of the main menu or submenu Programs. Method for adding an item: select the file and drag it with the right mouse button onto the button Start. The system will automatically create a shortcut for it, which will be located at the top Main menu. Any item can be moved, deleted and renamed. Main menu is a folder that you can work with like a regular folder using Explorer.

Desktop setup: Windows allows the user to change the wallpaper and background pattern Desktop, the splash screen that appears when the computer is not accessed for some time, and the duration of this period, as well as the design individual elements, for example, windows: color, font, etc. The procedure for performing this type of work is as follows: Start→Settings→Control Panel→Display. In the dialog box that appears, by opening the appropriate tabs, set the desired values ​​of the controls.

21. Text editors as a means of preparing legal documents: basic and additional features and functions (MS Word).

Various text editors, such as MSWord, are used to prepare, create, edit, view and display various documents, including legal ones.

MS Word Features:

Create professional-looking documents that contain expressive elements such as graphs and diagrams;

Give documents a consistent appearance by applying styles and themes that affect font, size, color, text effects, and page backgrounds;

Save and reuse pre-built content and formatted elements such as title page and insets;

Create personalized messages Email and letters to several recipients without typing the same text several times;

Make information in long documents understandable by creating tables of contents, indexes, and bibliographies;

Protect documents by maintaining control over who can make what changes to documents, deleting personal information and applying digital signature

22. Structure text document, basic elements, their purpose. The concept of a paragraph, types, design rules.

1. The main structural elements of a document are a character, a word, a paragraph, a page, and a section.

Symbol determined primarily by the type of font, size and style. In MS Word, 256 different characters can be used.

Word is a set of characters between two spaces.

Page characterized by the size of the paper sheet and text placement parameters: margins, header and footer indents, methods vertical alignment, text orientation. Typing text in Word is carried out in automated page layout mode. The line size depends on the paragraph settings and character format.

Chapter- this is an area of ​​a document that is characterized by a specific printed page format; type and content of footers; method of page numbering; type of footnotes in the text, etc. The number of sections in the document is not limited.

2. Paragraph- this is a document field that can be typed without pressing the Enter key. IN word processor Word text is a sequence of paragraphs separated by special character“end of paragraph”, which is entered when pressing the Enter key. The paragraph is the main structural element of the text, because carries a complete thought.

Paragraph styling: A paragraph has certain parameters that are already set when creating a new document, but you can change them if necessary. You can change parameters either for one paragraph or for several at once (they should be highlighted with the cursor).

The parameters are: line spacing, page alignment, spacing before and after paragraphs, first line indentation, left and right indentations, tabs, etc.

Paragraphs include the body paragraph, headings, table of contents, lists, etc.

23. The main stages of preparing a text document.

The main stages of document preparation are: text entry, editing and formatting.

1. Entering text can be done by typing it from the keyboard and inserting various text fragments from other documents into the document.

2. Once the text is entered, it undergoes various changes. Editing a document in Word is carried out using menu commands or pressing keys on the PC keyboard.

Editing operations (delete, insert, move) are performed on:

· Symbols

· By lines

· Fragments

Characters are entered from the keyboard (in insert or replace mode), and the Backspace or Delete keys are used to delete characters.

Editing operations for lines are: deleting a line, splitting one line into two, merging two lines into one, inserting an empty line.

Editing operations (copy, move and delete) for fragments. A fragment is a continuous piece of text. To delete, copy, or move a fragment, you need to select it.

3. Formatting a document is changing it appearance. WORD provides document formatting at five different levels:

· at the character level (changing typeface, style, font size and color, letter spacing in a word, animation, etc.)

· at the paragraph level (alignment to the left, right, center and width; indentation on the right and left; indentation of the first line; indentation before and after the paragraph; line spacing, pagination control, etc.)

· at the page level (page settings, page orientation, frame, headers and footers of the first page, even and odd pages, etc.)

· at the section level (forming sections from the next page or on the current page, splitting text into columns, etc.)

· at the document level (page numbers, table of contents, etc.).

24. Rules for entering text. Text entry automation tools (MS Word).

Typing is carried out by pressing keys on the PC keyboard, while the next character is displayed on the screen at the cursor position, and the cursor moves one position to the right. Spaces that text editor automatically inserts to align lines, called “soft”.

“Hard” spaces are added to the text when you press the Space key on your PC keyboard. A sign of separation of a word from a word is a “Hard” space, so you must set one “Hard” space between words. A punctuation mark does not need to be separated by a space from the preceding word, and a space must be entered after a punctuation mark. A “hard” line terminator is created by pressing the Enter key to indicate the end of a paragraph.

Before you start working on your PC, you should create a folder structure for saving files.

A folder is always created in the folder window in which it will be located. To create a folder, follow these steps:

  1. Open the folder window in which the new folder will be created.
  2. In an empty area of ​​the window, right-click and select New - Folder.
  3. Using the keyboard, enter the name of the folder to be created.

Creating files

Typically files are created using application programs(MS Word, MS Excel, etc.). However, some types of files can be created without running the corresponding program.

The file is created in the window of the folder in which it will be located. To create a file, follow these steps:

  1. Open a window for the folder in which the file will be created.
  2. In an empty area of ​​the window, right-click and execute the New command and select the desired file type in the submenu that appears.
  3. Using the keyboard, enter the name of the file to be created.
  4. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

Renaming folders and files

To rename a folder or file, follow these steps:

  1. Right-click on the object icon and execute the Rename command.
  2. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.
  1. Open a window for the folder in which the object to be renamed is located.
  2. Perform two or three single left-clicks on the object name so that the cursor begins to blink in the name field.
  3. Using the keyboard, enter a new object name.
  4. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

Moving and copying folders and files

Moving and copying folders and files can be done by two fundamentally different methods: dragging and dragging and using the clipboard.

When moving and copying objects by towing, follow these steps:

  1. If necessary, place windows on the screen so that both are visible at the same time.
  2. When moving - tow (drag) an object icon from the window of one folder to the window of another folder.
  3. When copying - drag (drag) the object icon from the window of one folder to the window of another folder while pressing the key.

Moving and copying folders and files can also be done by dragging objects with the right mouse button. In this case, after completing towing, you must select the required command in the context menu that appears: Move or Copy.

When moving and copying objects using the clipboard, follow these steps:

  1. Open a window for the folder from which the object will be moved or copied.
  2. When moving, select the object being moved and move it to the clipboard in one of the following ways:
  • When copying, select the object to be copied and copy it to the clipboard in one of the following ways:
  • Open a window for the folder into which the object will be moved or copied.
  • Paste an object from the clipboard using one of the following methods:

    • Copying folders and files to floppy disks can be done in another way. To do this, right-click on the object icon and execute the command Send - Disk 3.5 (A:).

    Deleting folders and files

    Deleting folders and files can be done in several ways.

    For the first method, follow these steps:

    1. Select the object icon and press a key on the keyboard.

    For the second method, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the object icon and execute the Delete command.
    2. In the window that appears, click Yes.

    With the third method, you should drag the icon of the object to be deleted onto the Desktop to the Trash icon.

    Recovering deleted folders and files. Setting up your cart

    Deleted folders and files are usually not destroyed, but placed in a special “Trash” folder.

    To restore accidentally or by mistake deleted folders and files, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the icon of the object to be restored and execute the Restore command.

    In this case, the folder or file will be restored to the same folder from which it was deleted.

    To restore a deleted object in any arbitrary folder, you should move it to the desired folder using one of the methods described above.

    It should be noted that folders and files deleted from a floppy disk are not placed in a special “Trash” folder and, therefore, cannot be restored.

    To avoid problems when restoring folders and files, you should check and, if necessary, change the settings for the special “Trash” folder. To do this, right-click on the icon of the special “Trash” folder and execute the Properties command.

    Rice. 8. Properties dialog box: Recycle Bin

    In the Properties: Recycle Bin dialog box (Fig. 8), you should pay attention to the absence of a checkmark against the command Destroy files immediately after deletion, without placing them in the Recycle Bin. If this mark is set, it will be impossible to recover deleted files. In the same dialog box, you can configure the maximum basket volume. The recommended volume is 10... 15% of the hard drive size.

    1. Open the special “Trash” folder.
    2. Right-click on the icon of the object to be deleted and execute the Delete command.
    3. In the window that appears, click Yes.

    In the second case, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the “Trash” icon of the object and execute the Empty Trash command.
    2. In the window that appears, click Yes.

    If desired, files and folders can be deleted without placing them in the Recycle Bin. To do this, you can use any deletion method, but any of them must be performed while holding down the keyboard key.

    Actions with groups of folders and files

    You can move, copy and delete not only individual folders and files, but also groups of folders and files. You can only group files and folders located in the same window. To combine files and folders into a group, you need to select them.

    To select all folders and files in a window, the easiest way is to use the Edit - Select All command.

    To select folders and files located in a window one after another, you must first select the first object from the group, and then select the last object while pressing the keyboard key.

    When selecting an arbitrary group of folders and files, select them while pressing the keyboard key.

    When selecting all folders and files in a window, except some, you should first select the objects that cannot be selected, and then execute the command Edit - Invert Selection.

    The selected group of files can be moved, copied, deleted using any of the methods described above.

    Search folders and files

    To search for a folder or file on your PC, open the Windows Main Menu and execute the Search - Folders and Files command.

    The search is performed in the Find: All files window (Fig. 9). Folders and files can be searched based on the following criteria:

    You can search by any one characteristic or by all characteristics at the same time. The search result can be several objects.

    From the search window, files can be moved, copied, deleted using any of the methods described above

    Create and use shortcuts

    A shortcut is a special kind of file designed to quickly open other files, folders and launch programs. Shortcuts are usually placed on the Desktop.

    To create a shortcut, follow these steps:

    1. Open the window of the folder in which the object for which the shortcut is being created is located.
    2. Drag an object to the Desktop while pressing the right mouse button.
    3. After towing, in the context menu that appears, execute the Create shortcut(s) command.

    The shortcut can be renamed like a regular file.

    If desired, you can change the shortcut icon. To do this, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the shortcut icon and select Properties.
    2. In the Properties:... dialog box, go to the Shortcut tab.
    3. In the tab, click the Change icon button.
    4. In the Change Icon dialog box, select the desired icon.
    5. In the Change Icon dialog box, click OK.
    6. In the Properties:... dialog box, click OK.

    Double-clicking the left mouse button on a shortcut icon opens the window of the object for which this shortcut was created.

    Renaming, changing the shortcut icon, copying, moving and even deleting it has no effect on the object for which it was created. On the contrary, renaming or moving an object may cause the shortcut to not work properly. Deleting an object for which a shortcut was created makes the shortcut completely inoperable.

    Archiving files

    Archiving is the process of reducing the size of files to make them easier to store and move. Archiving is carried out using special archiving programs. Among the numerous archiver programs, WinZip has recently become the most popular. This program is not included in standard programs Windows and must be pre-installed on your computer.

    When archiving files, it is created new file, which is called archival. An archive file contains one or more compressed files.

    To create an archive file, follow these steps:

    1. Select files to be archived.
    2. Right-click on the selected icons and execute the Add to Zip command.
    3. In the Add window, in the Add to Archive field, enter the name of the archive file to be created.
    4. In the Action drop-down list, you can select how files will be placed in the archive: Add (adding, copying) or Move (moving).
    5. In the Compression drop-down list, you can select the degree of file compression.
    6. In the Add window, click the Add or Move button, depending on the selected method for storing files in the archive.
    7. Close the WinZip program window.

    To add files to an existing archive, drag the icon onto the archive file icon.

    To extract files from an archive, the easiest way is to open the archive file and drag the extracted file from the archive file window to the desired folder window.

    2 In Windows 95/98, almost all actions can be performed different ways. In this textbook Only the most common and convenient options for actions using windows in the special “My Computer” folder are given.

    4 When copying objects to a folder on another logical drive, you do not need to hold down the (Ctrl) key.

    5 To search for a file named Letter to ZAO Zarya.doc, just specify the name letter.

    6 The search can be carried out for the last period (several days or months) or for a specific period (from one date to another date).

    7 The terms “compression”, “packaging” are also used.

    Computer objects Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers to questions, Informatics 6th grade Bosova GDZ, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers

    Exercise 1
    What is a file?
    Solution
    A file is an area on a storage device of some kind that contains logically combined information and is named by a specific name.

    Task 2
    What parts does a file name consist of?
    Solution
    The file name consists of two parts separated by a dot:
    a) name - to the point;
    b) expansion - after.

    Task 3
    What rules should you follow when writing a file name?
    Solution
    It is better to name the file in Latin letters, using no more than 9 characters.

    Task 4
    Describe the disk file storage system.
    Solution
    Each disk is divided into two areas - a file storage area and a directory. The directory contains the name of the file and an indication of where it begins on disk. If we draw an analogy between a disk and a book, the file storage area corresponds to its contents, and the directory corresponds to the table of contents. Moreover, a book consists of pages, and a disk consists of sectors.

    Task 5
    What actions can you perform with files?
    Solution
    The file can be: opened, scanned for viruses, renamed, copied, sent by mail, deleted.

    Task 6
    What actions should I avoid when working with files?
    Solution
    1) delete the file without clearly determining whether this should be done;
    2) give the file a name that does not explain its contents;
    3) save the file in a folder where it will be difficult to find later;
    4) delete or move files located in application program folders - this may cause the programs to stop working.

    Task 7
    Name the properties of the operating system object "Desktop".
    Solution
    1) icons and shortcuts of Windows objects;
    2) windows open applications;
    3) the taskbar containing the "Start" button, the display panel and a number of desktop toolbars;
    4) the Desktop background, containing a uniform background, background image or active elements of the Desktop. As you work, there may be additional objects on the Desktop: folder windows, dialog boxes, application windows, etc.

    Task 8
    One of the actions in the operating system object's context menu is always highlighted in bold. What action is this? Why was it chosen? How can I perform this action without a context menu?
    Solution
    In the context menu of an operating system object, the Open action is always highlighted in bold. This action was selected because the system considers this action to be the most likely to be performed on this object. This action can be performed without a context menu by clicking left button mice.

    Task 9
    As you know, actions on the main objects of the operating system can be performed in several ways: using menu commands; using toolbar buttons that duplicate menu commands; using context menu commands; using Drag&Drop technology. Why do you think so many methods are needed? Why didn't the developers give preference to one of them?
    Solution
    In Windows, for the convenience of users, a huge number of functions have been created, often interchanging each other. One person, for example, will select the context menu to control an object, another will select the menu bar. Every person has a habit; someone who is used to acting in one way will consider that another way is inconvenient and is not needed at all.

    Task 10
    What's happened