What is an interface and what does it look like? Graphical OS interface: pictures of operating systems The operating system interface is divided into

Windows XP operating system.

Windows XP (eXPerience - experience) is the latest Microsoft operating system for users, which was released on October 25, 2001 (the Russified version appeared in November of the same year). Many companies refrained from quickly purchasing a new operating system and continued to work on Windows 2000. There is a reasonable explanation for this - Windows XP first had to undergo extensive research. However, already in 2002 there was a massive breakthrough in Windows XP.

The new operating system is based on the kernel used in Windows 2000 and Windows NT and has a number of advantages:

Efficient and flexible operating system technology that includes the benefits of multitasking, fault tolerance and security system memory, thanks to which problems that arise during operation are prevented and eliminated and system stability is maintained;

· the ability to restore the work done by the user in many cases where the program crashed before; how the relevant document was saved;

· protection of system memory, which allows you to prevent the impact of programs written with errors on the stability of the computer;

· When installing new software, in most cases you will not need to restart Windows XP, as was necessary in earlier versions of Windows.

The operating system was developed in three versions to meet almost any user needs personal computers used at work or at home.

Windows XP Note Edition is the best platform for working with digital multimedia materials and the best choice for home computer users and hobbyists computer games.

Designed for corporate users The Windows XP Professional operating system has almost all the advantages of Windows XP Home Edition. In addition, it includes additional features remote access, security, performance and management, and multilingual support, making it an excellent operating system for organizations with mixed language environments and for users looking to get the most out of their computer.

In addition, a version of Windows XP 64-bit Edition has been released for specialized technical workstations, whose users require the highest level of performance and scalability. To be productive, these stations require more memory and faster performance, for example when performing floating-point calculations needed in areas such as film effects, 3D animation, and technical and scientific applications.

The operating system installation procedure is significantly more complicated. The fact is that Windows Product Activation technology was used for the first time, that is, activation at the time of installation over the phone or the Internet. When activated, the parameters of the computer components are read, which, together with serial number constitute a unique, registrable identification number.

The Windows XP operating system simplifies the process of installing and using new devices by supporting the latest technology standards of modern equipment: IrDA, USB and Firewire.

By introducing the Windows XP operating system to the market, Microsoft changed its plans for releasing the next operating system. Previously, it was planned to release a system codenamed Blackcomb in 2002, which B. Gates called the most fundamental change in the user interface based on the implementation of the NET strategy, which promised to include in the system an information agent that would automatically recognize the most frequently occurring phrases. Now, the next operating system after Windows XP, codenamed Longhorn, will continue the product line.

Unlike previous versions(Windows 2000 and Windows XP) based on different versions one core and having an almost identical driver model, Longhorn promises us significant changes not only in the interface part, but also in the very heart of the system (in the kernel, memory architecture and resource management). The new operating system will support two driver models (two types of drivers): one retained for compatibility with older drivers (model 2000/XP), and one new drivers specifically designed for Longhorn and later versions. Everything is brand new graphic capabilities will be implemented using new drivers, and drivers built according to the old model will be able to provide only a basic (already available in XP) level of hardware graphics support.

Windows operating system interface

The operating system should provide users with a convenient interface for communicating with computer devices. An interface is a wide range of various means of user interaction with a PC. Windows operating systems include six main interface elements: the desktop, taskbar, windows, menus, toolbars, and icons.

After the computer boots, the desktop appears on the screen. It's kind of title page OS, on which any other interface elements can be located: the taskbar with the main menu of the system, various windows, toolbars and various icons.

The most important element of the interface is the task panel, which displays a list of currently running applications and makes it easy to switch between them. Loading almost any program (except for some system ones, for example, the keyboard indicator) leads to its appearance on the taskbar in the form of a corresponding button, by clicking on which you can activate this program. When the application ends, it disappears from the taskbar.

Typically, the taskbar is gray and located at the bottom of the desktop (with standard OS settings). However, you can easily change its location by left-clicking on a free area of ​​the panel and dragging it to the left, top or right of the desktop. First, in the taskbar settings, you must disable the Dock the taskbar option.

It is almost always visible on the screen, which significantly simplifies control over currently active programs and makes it easier to switch between them. However, if necessary, you can hide the taskbar, for which you need to enable the Automatically hide taskbar option. Then, to display it on the screen, you need to move the mouse to the side of the desktop behind which it is hidden.

In addition to the taskbar, there may be one or more windows on the desktop, which can be arranged in a certain order (in a mosaic) or “thrown” on top of each other (in a cascade). A window is the main element of the interface, which is a specially designed and framed rectangular area on the screen, which is intended for placing objects and performing operations on them. Windows can be opened, closed, minimized, expanded, moved and scaled.

The Windows operating system supports three types of windows:

· application (program) windows, which contain four standard elements: a title bar, a program menu, one or more toolbars, and a status bar. Windows allows you to run multiple applications at the same time and work with them alternately, switching from one program to another. Active window is always located on top of other windows, it is it that perceives user commands;

· document windows (program processing objects) must contain a title;

· dialog boxes (processing tools) have names that usually coincide with the names of the commands that opened them.

Some windows contain additional interface elements: rulers, scroll bars, status bars, command buttons, or lists.

Many Windows applications, such as text Microsoft editor Word are multi-window, that is, they can contain several nested windows.

Typically, application and document windows have three presentation options:

full screen (the window occupies the entire screen);

· normal (the window occupies part of the screen);

· minimized (the window is minimized to a button on the taskbar).

The top of the window contains a title bar that usually

The name of the program and the document opened in it are present. By clicking and dragging the left mouse button in the title area, you can move the window around the desktop.

There are three control buttons in the right corner of the header. Left button(Minimize) minimizes the window to the taskbar. The middle button is used to maximize the window to the full screen size (Maximize) and to restore the original size (Restore). Depending on the state of the window, it appearance is changing. The right button (Close) closes the active window.

Dialog boxes usually have only one control button (Close).

The Windows application window frame allows you to resize the window.

Below the window title there is usually a menu. A menu is an important interface element that usually has several levels and may contain objects that are not currently available for selection.

Windows OS uses four types of menus:

· the main menu of the system, accessible by left-clicking the Start button on the taskbar or the special WL key (the key with the Windows logo located between the left Ctrl and Alt keys). It usually contains seven items (with standard OS settings):

Programs, Documents, Settings, Search (Find), Help, Run, Shut down (Turn off computer). The main menu allows you, accordingly, to launch the program, open a document, change system settings, find the desired object, get help information and finish Windows operation;

· Program menus are located in each running application. Typically, such a menu occupies the second line of the program window below its title. Often, some program menu items also have their own submenus, which open when selected. Every application that works with documents has a File menu (usually on the far left). Many applications that work as data have an Edit menu. Access to help system carried out through the Help menu, which is always the last one. Many menu commands can be called using keys, for example, any program can be terminated with the key combination Alt+F4\

· object context menus are available by right-clicking in almost all Windows applications. Such menus contain only those commands that can be applied to the active object;

· control menus for applications and documents (system menus) are available by left-clicking on the icon in the upper left corner of the window or the Alt+Space key combination. These menus allow you to manage windows and duplicate window control buttons (minimize, maximize/restore, close). Double-clicking the system menu icon closes the active window.

Application windows can contain one or more tool panels, each of which has a set of buttons corresponding to certain program functions. For example, toolbar Regular program“Explorer” contains buttons for performing standard operations of navigating through folders, copying and moving, searching and deleting objects. In application programs, the Standard toolbar is intended for executing commands general: create, open, save, print a document, etc.

In a graphical operating system, all objects have their own icons (icons, pictograms), which are square pictures of a standard size (usually 32x32 pixels). The icon can often determine the type of object: folder, program, document, shortcut, etc.

A folder (analogous to a directory in MS DOS) is a logical container in which any elements can be located: other folders, files and shortcuts. Exist custom folders And system folders, which are created and maintained by the operating system itself.

Must be present on the desktop (if standard setting OS) four system folders:

· My computer contains all the devices of a personal computer and, using the corresponding universal Explorer program, provides fast access to all its resources;

· My Documents contains all documents stored on the computer, provided that the user does not store them in any other (hidden) place;

· Network Neighborhood contains icons of all available network resources: servers, workstations, printers and other equipment on the network;

· The Recycle Bin is a limited area (minimum 1%) of memory on your hard drive that stores deleted objects and allows you to restore them. To do this, the system remembers the name, type, size, original location and date of deletion of files and folders. When the recycle bin is full, the oldest files are permanently deleted.

A shortcut (link) is a special file containing a pointer to some object: a folder, program, document or device. The object itself may be far from the user, so the shortcut provides convenient access to it. The presence of a shortcut does not change the location of the object, but only makes it easier to access.

Features of operating rooms Windows systems

First of all, Windows is a graphical operating system, which is based on a window interface (from the English windows-window). Each running program is assigned a window, which can occupy the entire screen or part of it.

Unlike the outdated MS DOS operating system, in which all computer control was carried out from the keyboard, in Windows the mouse is primarily used to perform operations on objects. Despite the convenience of managing PC resources using a mouse, the keyboard remains the main mandatory device for entering information into a computer.

The Windows operating system was the first to use the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) principle, which made it possible to fully match the image on the screen to the subsequent image on paper.

Since the first issues operating systems Windows, their interface was standardized. This allowed us to create new things in the future software with the same type of menus and toolbars.

The Windows operating system allows several programs to work together when preparing a single document and allows you to create complex documents containing Various types data by transferring and copying objects between applications. For this purpose, the system has special integration tools.

The most commonly used is the clipboard - a special memory area that is necessary for sending data between applications and documents. You can select an object, place it on the clipboard for storage, and then paste it elsewhere in the same document or into another document in the same or a completely different application.

OLE technology allows you to combine objects of completely different origins, such as text, photographs and music, in one document. Such objects can be inserted via the clipboard or the Insert Object menu command.

Of no small importance in the work is the built-in ability of the operating system to carry out dynamic data exchange (Dynamic Data Exchange - DDE), which allows you to quickly exchange information between various programs operating in Windows environment according to the developed set of special agreements (protocols).

The operating system also allows you to convert files, that is, change the format of documents. For this many

applications contain special import/export filters that transfer data from one document to another according to certain agreements. For example, text file converted to Word document- and vice versa.

Unlike the outdated MS DOS operating system, in which full name file did not exceed 11 characters (8+3), in Windows you can use long file and directory names (up to 255 characters). In addition, you can use Russian letters, spaces and special characters in names. Despite this, compatibility with 16-bit applications (for MS DOS) is fully preserved, which perceive such names truncated to 8 characters with a corresponding extension (up to 3 characters).

All operating systems in the Windows family are multi-threaded with preemptive multitasking. And network operating systems are, of course, multi-user. Although the latest developments of conventional systems (Windows ME, Windows XP) are also multi-user.

At creating Windows Initially, it was intended to divide the operating system into two parts: the main (kernel) and additional. At the same time, the Windows kernel itself consists of three modules:

· Kernel is a low-level part that controls processes, memory allocation, file I/O, etc.;

· User - user part, work manager with keyboard, mouse, timer and ports;

· GDI (Graphic Devices Interface) - a graphical device interface that controls work with the display and printer.

The remaining components (additional part) are loaded as needed from a special dynamically loaded library (Dynamic Link Library - DLL).

LESSON PLAN Location of the lesson: computer science classroom.

Academic subject: Computer Science.

Lesson topic: The concept of an operating system. Operating room interface

Objective of the lesson: To introduce students to the purpose of operating systems. Tasks:

Educational:

consider the concepts of operating system, interface

operating system; as well as the concepts of user authentication and authorization;

® highlight the main functions of the operating system;

consider the classification of operating systems by

purpose;

* consider the classification of operating systems by task processing mode;

® consider the classification of operating systems according to

way of interacting with the system;

consider generations of operating systems;

Developmental: develop logical thinking;

Educational: cultivate cognitive interest in the subject.

lesson provision:

computer,

Lesson plan:

D) Organizational

moment (greeting

and check

absent).

Learning new material.

Summing up the lesson.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

The teacher welcomes students, checks on absentees, and announces the topic of the lesson and the purpose of the lesson.

II. Learning new material

Contents of the lecture

Operating system. (OS) is a set of system control and processing programs, which, on the one hand, act as an interface between the computer hardware and the user with his tasks, and on the other hand, are designed to use the resources of the computer system most efficiently and organize reliable calculations. (SLIDE 2)

Let's listbasic functions of operating systems. (SLIDE 3-5)

Reception from the user of tasks or commands formulated in the appropriate language and their processing. Tasks can be transmitted in the form of text directives (commands) of the operator or in the form of instructions performed using a manipulator (for example, using a mouse). These commands are associated, first of all, with launching (pausing, stopping) programs, with operations on files (get a list of files in the current directory, create, rename, copy, move a particular file, etc.), although there are also other commands.

Memory distribution, and in most modern systems, virtual memory organization.

Running a program (transferring control to it, causing the processor to execute the program).

Identification of all programs: and data.

Receiving and executing various requests from running applications.

Handling all I/O operations.

Organization of mechanisms for exchanging messages and data between running programs.

Protecting one program from the influence of another, ensuring data safety, protecting the operating system itself from applications running on the computer.

User authentication. Under authentication refers to the procedure for checking a user's name and password against the values ​​stored in his account. Obviously, if the login name (login ^) of a user and his password are the same, then most likely this will be the same user.

User authorization. Term authorization means that according to account An authenticated user is assigned certain rights (privileges) to him (and all requests that will be made to the operating system on his behalf) that determine what he can and cannot do on the computer.

Ensuring the operation of programming systems with which users prepare their programs.

Let's consider

Operating system classifications

There can be a lot of classification options, everything will depend on the selected characteristic by which we will distinguish one object from another. However, as for the OS, a relatively small number of classifications have long been formed here: by purpose, by task processing mode, by the method of interaction with the system and by construction methods (architectural features of the system).

By purpose . (SLIDE 6) There are general and special purpose operating systems.

P about the processing mode ach (SLIDE 7) distinguish OSes that provide single-program and multi-program modes. Single-program OS includes, for example, the one known to everyone, although today it is practically not used MS DOS.

Under multiprogramming refers to the method of organizing calculations when on a single-processor computing system is created

visibility of simultaneous execution of several programs. Any delay in program execution (for example, to perform data input/output operations) is used to execute other (same or less important) programs.

By way of interacting with a computer (SLIDE 8) distinguish between dialog systems and batch systems processing . When organizing work with a computer system in an interactive mode, we can talk about single-user (single-terminal) and multi-terminal operating systems. In multi-terminal operating systems, several users can work simultaneously with one computer system, each from their own terminal. Because of this, users have the illusion that each of them has their own computing system. To organize multi-terminal access to a computer system, it is necessary to provide a multi-program operating mode. One example of multi-terminal operating systems for personal computers is Linux. A certain imitation of multi-terminal capabilities is also available in the Windows XP system. In this operating system, after registration (login), each user receives his own virtual machine. If it is necessary to temporarily provide a computer to another user, the first user’s computing processes do not have to be terminated, but the system simply creates a new virtual machine for this other user. As a result, the computer will perform the tasks of both the first and second user. The number of virtual machines running in parallel is determined by the available resources.

Generations of operating systems (SLIDE 9-11)

Operating systems along the way of their development went through a number of radical changes, the so-called generations.

Zero generation (40s s)

The first computers did not have operating systems.

Users had full access to machine language, and all programs were written directly in machine instructions.

First generation (50s)

Operating systems of the 1950s were designed to make moving from task to task faster and easier. Before these operating systems were created, a lot of computer time was lost between completing one task and entering the next one. This was the beginning systems batch processing which involved combining individual tasks into groups, or packages. When a problem was started to be solved, all the resources of the machine were at its full disposal. After each task completed (either normal or emergency), resource control was returned to the operating system, which ensured the launch of the next task.

Second generation (early 60s) (SLIDE 10)

A characteristic feature of the second generation operating systems was that they were created as shared use systems with multi-program operating mode and how the first systems multiprocessor type.

T third generation (mid 60s - mid 70s)

The third generation of operating systems actually appeared with the introduction by IBM in 1964 of the System /360 family of computers. These computers were designed as general purpose machines. They were bulky and, as a rule, ineffective, but were intended to solve any problems from any application area.

H fourth generation (from the mid-70s to the present) (SLIDE 11)

The following terms apply to systems of this generation friendly. user-friendly, aimed at untrained users, those. modern systems provide users with average skill levels with easy access to computing resources. Widespread concept virtual machines. The user was able to no longer think about the physical details of building computers (or

networks) with which it works. Instead, the user deals with the functional equivalent of a computer created for him by the operating system and called virtual machine.

Operating systems interface: (SLIDE 12)

Operating systems interface - special interfaces

system and application programming designed to perform the following tasks:

* process management (starting, pausing and removing a task from

execution);

memory management;

input/output control;

* file operations.

The OS user interface is implemented using special software modules that accept its commands on

appropriate language and translate them into regular calls in accordance with the main system interface. Typically these modules are called a command interpreter.

Evolution of operating system interfaces (SLIDE 13-18)

(see PRESENTATION)

III. Summing up the lesson.

The teacher summarizes:

Today in class we looked at the concepts of an operating system,

operating system interface; as well as the concepts of user authentication and authorization; identified the main functions of the operating system, examined various classifications, as well as generations of operating systems.

An interface is an intermediary that transforms computer control into a user-friendly form.

Before getting acquainted with the interface elements, let's look at the controls in Windows. It is generally accepted that the input devices for information in a PC are the keyboard and mouse. This is not entirely correct, since these elements are used not only for input, but also for controlling elements of the Windows OS.

The mouse is the main control element of the Windows OS. It contains, as a rule, two control buttons: left and right, and a scroll wheel. The left key is multifunctional; it can be used to perform a number of operations: launching programs, selecting objects, “dragging” objects, etc. The right key is used to launch the Context Menu. The scroll wheel is used to move around within a document. In laptops, a “touchpad” is provided as a replacement for a mouse - a special touch-sensitive pad.

The keyboard is mainly used for entering text in documents, however, it can also act as a control element using control and so-called “hot” keys. The keys are intended for their use Ctrl And Alt.

The Windows OS interface consists of the desktop, taskbar, icon system or shortcuts, and user menu.

Rice. 2.2 Worker Windows table 7.

The desktop is the image on the monitor screen that appears after loading the PC, on which the main control elements are located. The main ones are icons. Using icons, various objects are displayed: launching programs, documents, disks, folders, graphic and video files, etc. Moreover, objects can be presented both in the form of the objects themselves and in the form of links to objects. In the second case, the icons are called shortcuts, and have a small arrow pointer in the lower left corner. The number and location of icons on the desktop is individual for each user. Working with icons is controlled by the mouse.

The taskbar is located at the bottom of the desktop and consists of the “notification area” on the right side, the “taskbar” on the left side, and the Start button on the far left.

The “notification area” contains various information necessary for current work on the computer. The “taskbar” displays running applications. The Start button contains the user menu.

These elements are manipulated using the mouse pointer.

For example, to view documents currently open in Word, you need to place your mouse pointer on the Word icon on the taskbar. All open documents will appear on the screen as separate windows.

Rice. 2.3. Taskbar with open documents.

The user menu, launched by left-clicking on the Start icon, is the main component of the Windows OS. It contains the basic elements of working with a computer.

Figure 2.4. User's menu.

The menu consists of two columns.

On the left are icons for the most frequently used programs. The arrows to the right of programs show a list of the most recently opened files in this program. The inscription “All programs” is a list of all programs installed on the computer. At the very bottom there is a search line, which keyword Easily find any file or folder on your computer.

· “Computer” opens the file manager;

· "Control Panel" - Windows settings;

· “Default Programs” associate the document type with the corresponding application program;

· “Help and Support” - a detailed electronic textbook on Windows;

· “Shutdown” is used when turning off the computer.

The presentation of information in Windows is built in the form of windows.

Rice. 2.5. Computer folder window.

The window consists of the following elements:

· window title, which indicates open program;

· window control buttons (collapse, expand to full screen, close);

· user's menu;

· toolbar;

· information part.

The window can be positioned arbitrarily on the desktop, and the window size can be changed. When working with multiple programs, you can have multiple windows open at the same time. This mode of operation is called multi-window. The transition from one window to another is carried out using the mouse pointer.

The easiest way to customize the interface is to call up the context menu by right-clicking on a free area of ​​the desktop. The “personalization” command opens a window with various elements for customizing the Windows interface.

Rice. 2.6. Interface settings.

Windows design includes the following elements: desktop background, cursor, color scheme, system sounds etc. Any of these elements can be changed separately, but the easiest way is to select a set of settings in the form Topics. Microsoft offers a fairly wide selection of themes, including high-contrast designs for people with low vision.

One of the main parameters of the image on the monitor screen is permission screen. It is set in the form of indicating the number of horizontal and vertical points in the settings of the “Screen” menu item. By default, when you install Windows on your computer, the most efficient screen layout is installed. Despite the possibility self-settings It is recommended to change images only when replacing the monitor, since monitor settings affect image quality.

Another design element is gadgets– mini-applications. They are installed using the “gadgets” item in the context menu.

Rice. 2.7. Gadgets.

The gadget can be placed anywhere on the desktop and installed on top of all windows. In this case, it is useful to make the gadget translucent so that it does not interfere with work. If you wish, you can expand your collection of gadgets on the Internet.

The operating system interface is a set of tools designed to transmit control commands to the operating system. The interface includes two subsystems: an interactive user interface and a program interface for executing requests to the operating system submitted by running programs. In interactive mode, commands are entered in text form or visually (for example, with a mouse). The program interface is implemented by the library standard utilities OS. Programmers insert calls to the corresponding utility into their programs.

The MS Windows system has a convenient, natural, simple and transparent graphical user interface aimed at the non-professional user. The user just needs to use the mouse to select the desired element on the screen and click on it to carry out required action. The most important distinctive feature of Windows, from which it got its name, is the one-to-one relationship between programs currently running in the operating system and special graphic objects on the monitor screen, called windows. To go to the desired program Just click on the appropriate window.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Introduction. Information technology in the modern economy

Chapter principles of algorithmization of calculations.. algorithm.. von Neumann principles binary system reckoning..

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A database is a specific instance of an organized data system together with specific methods for its storage and processing. In modern thinking, the task of a database is
Data Models A specific database is based on a specific data model. Different Data Models Set Constraints different types

on objects and connections of the subject area. Existing data models can be classified as
Relational data model

The relational data model is a logical data model that describes: ¨ data structures in the form of sets of tables;
¨ set-theoretic operations on tables

Components of the relational model
The relational database model uses the following basic concepts: ¨ data type; index; table; field; ¨ record; Data manipulation new entry or several entries;

¨
Data schema optimization

The same subject area within the framework of solving the same problem can be displayed using several databases with different data schemas. They will have different effectiveness. Improvement
DBMS language tools

The functionality of the data model supported by the DBMS becomes available to the user thanks to its language tools. DBMS language tools are used to perform two
Client-server technology

The most common version of the DBMS architecture since the early 90s has been the client-server architecture. This provides for the selection of one of the functional components
Database Administration

Administration of the database system involves the performance of functions aimed at ensuring the reliable and efficient functioning of the system, the adequacy of the content of the information database
Prospects for the development of database technologies

We will indicate the most successfully developing new areas of database technology. It is widely practiced to create database systems with telecommunication access in the Web environment. The number of such systems Today, a huge part of the world's population is

permanent basis

interacts with computers, some are obliged to work, some look for information on the Internet, and some simply spend time playing games. Everyone has their own needs, which means the computer must meet them. And if we are talking about “hardware” (the technical component of a computer), then everything is more or less clear: the newer, the better. But the “software” part requires special attention.

Each computer runs a specific operating system, of which there are a great many, each of which is suitable for certain tasks, available equipment, and so on. Therefore, the choice of this operating system is an important factor.

There is a fairly massive list of operating systems, but this article will focus on three pillars that have greatly influenced the industry and occupy the largest share among all operating systems: Windows, MacOS and Linux.

The advantage of such systems is their development, a huge amount of high-quality software and competent technical support that will help in case of problems.

“Free” operating systems

These include almost the entire Linux family, with the exception of some developments with accounting or other professional software. These OSes can be downloaded absolutely free of charge and installed on any computer without a twinge of conscience.

Such systems are created by independent developers together with the community, so in most cases the quality of the programs leaves much to be desired, but such systems are much more secure and work more stable than their proprietary competitors.

Windows

Absolutely everyone who has ever dealt with a computer knows about this Microsoft product. In particular, this concerns the super-successful release of Windows 7. The list of Microsoft operating systems goes back a dozen generations. They are extremely popular all over the world and occupy almost 90% of the market. Which speaks volumes of unprecedented leadership.

• Windows XP;
• Windows Vista;
• Windows 7;
• Windows 8;
• Windows 10;

The list deliberately starts with Windows XP, since it is the most old version, which remains in use to this day.

Chrome OS

An underdeveloped product from Google, which is limited only to web applications and the browser of the same name. This system is not competitive with Windows and Mac, but is made with an eye to the future when web interfaces can replace “real” software. Installed by default on all Chromebooks.

Installing multiple systems and using virtual machines

Since each platform has its own pros and cons, it often becomes necessary to work with several at once. Computer developers know this, so they offer users the opportunity to install two or three systems on a disk at once.

This is done simply. All you need is a system distribution kit (a disk or flash drive with installation material loaded on it) and free space on your hard drive. All modern operating systems offer to allocate space during installation and create a boot mechanism that will show a list of operating systems when the computer boots. Everything is done semi-automatically and can be done by any user.

On Apple computers available special utility- BootCamp, which is designed to be simple and seamless Windows installations next to MacOS.

There is another way - installing a virtual system inside a real one. For this purpose, the following programs are used: VmWare and VirtualBox, which are capable of emulating the operation of a full-fledged computer and launching operating systems.

Instead of a conclusion

The list of operating systems for a computer is not limited to the above. There are a lot of products from different companies, but they are all quite specific and do not deserve the attention of the average user. The choice is worth making between Windows, MacOS and Linux, as they can cover most of the needs and are quite easy to learn.