Development and administration of databases. Oracle Courses Certificates of Completion

This article is intended primarily for Oracle DBMS administrators (and those wishing to become one); it will be very useful for application developers, as well as for users of this complex system. An exciting journey awaits us all in the world of Oracle, and I will help you not to get lost in it.

We will start with the very basics, with the simplest things and gradually move further and further. I’ll warn you right away - it won’t be easy. But are you ready to share the difficulties with me? If so, then go ahead!

Why will this be difficult for you? Because you need to not just skim the text, not just enjoy the reading process, not just be satisfied with reading abstruse material, but WORK above the text. Exactly WORK. I will often describe complex relationships, but if you do not depict them on paper, if you do not study each point, then a gap will remain. The gaps will accumulate until huge voids form. Eventually, you will ask yourself, "What have I learned?" I think you already guessed what the answer will be.

Set a goal for yourself - to “understand EVERYTHING”; if something turns out to be incomprehensible, it’s most likely my fault. Write to me, and in the next issues we will look at unclear questions in much more detail.

Why will this be difficult for me? The fact is that I will also learn along with my subscribers. And since I am responsible for your progress forward, since I will have to answer questions and collect material, then I simply have to go one step forward. And while you are studying the current issue, I will need to prepare the next one.

As I promised, we will start with the simplest.

A Brief History of ORACLE.

In 1977 Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oats formed their own business, calling the company Relational Software Incorporated (RSI). It was this company that laid the foundation for the Oracle relational database management system (RDBMS). Ellison, Miner, and Owets decided to develop an RDBMS using the C language and a SQL interface. And soon the first version (prototype) was released. Buyers in 1979 Oracle RDBMS version 2 was introduced, which ran on a Digital PDP-11 running RSX-11 OS. It was then ported to the DEC VAX system.

1983 became the herald of the release of version 3, which brought changes to the SQL language, increased system performance and added some other improvements. Unlike the previous ones, the third version was written entirely in C. From that moment on, RSI changed its name to Oracle Corporation.

Oracle version 4 was introduced in 1984. This version supported both VAX OS and IBM VM. This version provided the ability for multi-user stable data reading. Version 5 appeared in 1985. and became a turning point in the DBMS market, as it was the first to introduce client-server technology using SQL*Net. The fifth version was also one of the first MS DOS programs to cross the 640Kb barrier.

In 1988 Oracle introduced version 6. This version introduced low-level locking and many other changes that increased performance and functionality (including sequence generation and lazy writes). Oracle already runs on many platforms and on different operating systems. In 1991 Oracle RDBMS Parallel Processing Server version 6.1 has been released for the DEC VAX system. Soon this version began to support other platforms.

Oracle 7 was released in 1992, and many architectural changes were made in the areas of memory and I/O operations. Oracle 7 is already a full-fledged RDBMS product, which users are accustomed to and has been used for many years.

In 1997 version 8 was released, which introduced an object model, new properties and administration tools.

In 1999 version 8i (Oracle 8.1.5) with built-in Java language was released.

In 2001 version 9i came out. According to the developers, more than 400 changes have been made compared to previous version. Characteristic changes - "intellectualization" automated systems and expanding analytics capabilities.

As you can see, the Oracle product is already 25 years old, and we have to make up for all these “lost” years in much more short term. Latest version The product includes 75 different server products, but most of them are beyond the scope of our course.

Basic concepts and abbreviations

Before we begin our study of Oracle, it is important that everyone is clear on the terms that will appear in the text. Each issue of the newsletter will have a "Basic Concepts" section so that readers do not waste their time looking for definitions of unfamiliar words.

DB- Database. A collection of data specifically organized to make it easy to retrieve. The database is the actual data.

DBMS- Database Management System. Software Oracle is a DBMS.

RDBMS- Relational Database Management System. Internal data access is carried out in a relational way. Oracle is a RDBMS.

Buffer- this is a certain volume random access memory, used to store data. The buffer contains data that is about to be used, or that has been recently used. In most cases, a buffer is a copy of a block of data that is stored on the hard drive. Data in a buffer can be modified and written to disk, and a buffer can also be created for temporary storage of data. In relation to Oracle, buffers contain those blocks of data that were recently accessed. The collection of buffers makes up the data buffer cache. The buffer also stores temporary activity log entries, which are then written to disk (the activity log buffer).

Cache- memory area for quick access to data. From point of view hardware- this is a small (in relation to RAM) amount of memory that is much faster than main memory. This amount of memory is used to reduce the time required to frequently load data or instructions into the CPU(CPU). The CPU itself contains a built-in cache. In Oracle, a cache is considered to be a set of buffers (that is, blocks of data in RAM) and a shared pool (shared pool), since they serve to store data and instructions that facilitate quick access. Caching is a very useful mechanism that significantly increases the speed of data access. Since it is usually not possible to fit all the buffers in RAM, special algorithms are used (the most common is storing the most frequently used blocks).

Block- the smallest data storage unit in the Oracle DBMS. Contains header information and the block itself (data or PL/SQL code). The block size is configurable from 2 to 16Kb.

Bottleneck- components that limit the performance or efficiency of the system.

Data Dictionary- a set of tables used to maintain information about the database.

Checkpoint- an operation that causes all changed data (data blocks in memory) to be written to disk. This is a key factor in the problem quick recovery database after a failure.

Schema- a collection of database objects.

SGA (System Global Area)- a shared memory area used to store data and control information of an Oracle instance. The SGA is allocated in memory when the Oracle instance starts, and is released when it shuts down. SGA consists of data buffers, a change log buffer, and a shared pool. This is one of the most important concepts and we will look at it in more detail later.

ORACLE Configurations

There are many types of configurations. Let's look at the main ones, analyze and determine their characteristics.

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) - operational processing transactions. This is the most common configuration. An OLTP system consists of users who interact with the system. These systems are usually used for prompt entry of primary information (filling out contracts, checking numbers credit cards, asynchronous transactions, etc.).
Characteristics of OLTP systems: usually supports big number users working with the RDBMS. Since users are waiting for data to be returned to requests, then great importance has a response time. OLTP systems are read-write intensive. The read-write rating may vary depending on the application.

DSS (Decision Support System)- decision support systems are used in decision-making processes. These decisions can be based on information such as sales intensity in certain regions, a sample of buyers for a particular product, a sorted list email addresses and etc.
Characteristics of DSS: Long-running queries versus large amounts of data. Users of DSS systems are forced to wait minutes, hours, and sometimes several days for a response to a request. Data is usually collected from various sources and then processed. The DSS system is associated with an intensive read process (write processes
occur much less frequently).

Data Warehouse is a large-scale system that consists of both OLTP and DSS. These systems typically handle hundreds of gigabytes of data and serve huge numbers of users.
Characteristics of a Data Warehouse: has some attributes of DSS systems, i.e. long-running queries, as well as real-time components. These components are often used as data sources for DSS queries.

Data Mart is a smaller version of the data warehouse (focused on solving highly specialized problems), while retaining many of the features of Data Warehouse.
Characteristics of the Information Shop: Typically 100 gigabytes of data or less. Just like the data warehouse supports a large number of users and allows you to generate complex solutions.

Video server: Allows you to support a large number of video streams. These video streams can be used on demand, for entertainment and as educational courses.
Characteristic features of a video server: must have wide strip bandwidth to support multiple video streams. Also, must be able to handle heavy I/O load. When reading from devices, large blocks of data that are little fragmented are loaded at once.

Web server: designed to work with static and dynamic web pages. These pages can be very simple or complex, generated from a database. Oracle Web Server is typically used for commercial web applications. Such
apps allow shoppers to browse catalogs that contain product images and even video illustrations. The buyer can purchase the product he likes.
Characteristics of Oracle Web Server: usually supports a significant number of users, contains a large amount of data that is accessed frequently, and, at the same time, data that is not accessed very often. A large amount of RAM can improve server performance.

OLAP(Online Analytical Processing) - analytical processing in real time. Typically used in conjunction with multidimensional data. OLAP users are financial analysts or marketing personnel who work with data at a global level.
Characteristic features of OLAP systems: require large amounts of disk memory and powerful computing systems. An OLAP system can only support a small number of users. However, the number of users depends on the specific configuration.

Conclusion

So, we got acquainted with the history of Oracle Corporation, learned several important concepts and learned the most important configurations. You can congratulate yourself - you have begun your immersion in the wonderful world of Oracle.

As I promised, we will start with the simplest.

A Brief History of ORACLE.

In 1988 Oracle introduced version 6. This version introduced low-level locking and many other changes that increased performance and functionality (including sequence generation and lazy writes). Oracle already runs on many platforms and operating systems. In 1991 Oracle RDBMS Parallel Processing Server version 6.1 has been released for the DEC VAX system. Soon this version began to support other platforms.

In 1997 version 8 was released, which introduced an object model, new properties and administration tools.

In 1999 version 8i (Oracle 8.1.5) with built-in Java language was released.

In 2001 version 9i came out. According to the developers, more than 400 changes have been made compared to the previous version. Characteristic changes are the “intellectualization” of automated systems and the expansion of analytics capabilities.

As you can see, the Oracle product is already 25 years old, and we have to make up for all these “lost” years in a much shorter period of time. The latest version of the product includes 75 different server products, but most of them are beyond the scope of this course.

Basic concepts and abbreviations

DB- Database. A collection of data specifically organized to make it easy to retrieve. The database is the actual data.

DBMS- Database Management System. Oracle software is a DBMS.

RDBMS- Relational Database Management System. Internal data access is carried out in a relational way. Oracle is a RDBMS.

Buffer- this is a certain amount of RAM used to store data. The buffer contains data that is about to be used, or that has been recently used. In most cases, a buffer is a copy of a block of data that is stored on the hard drive. Data in a buffer can be modified and written to disk, and a buffer can also be created for temporary storage of data. In relation to Oracle, buffers contain those blocks of data that were recently accessed. The collection of buffers makes up the data buffer cache. The buffer also stores temporary activity log entries, which are then written to disk (the activity log buffer).

Cache- memory area for quick access to data. From a hardware point of view, this is a small amount of memory (in terms of RAM) that is significantly faster than main memory. This amount of memory is used to reduce the time required to frequently load data or instructions into the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU itself contains a built-in cache. In Oracle, a cache is considered to be a set of buffers (that is, blocks of data in RAM) and a shared pool (shared pool), since they serve to store data and instructions that facilitate fast access. Caching is a very useful mechanism that significantly increases the speed of data access. Since it is usually not possible to fit all the buffers in RAM, special algorithms are used (the most common is storing the most frequently used blocks).

Block- the smallest data storage unit in the Oracle DBMS. Contains header information and the block itself (data or PL/SQL code). The block size is configurable from 2 to 16Kb.

Bottleneck- components that limit the performance or efficiency of the system.

Data Dictionary- a set of tables used to maintain information about the database.

Checkpoint- an operation that causes all changed data (data blocks in memory) to be written to disk. This is a key factor in the problem of quickly recovering a database after a failure.

Schema- a collection of database objects.

ORACLE Configurations

There are many types of configurations. Let's look at the main ones, analyze and determine their characteristics.

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)- prompt processing of transactions. This is the most common configuration. An OLTP system consists of users who interact with the system. These systems are usually used for prompt entry of primary information (filling out contracts, checking credit card numbers, asynchronous transactions, etc.).
Characteristics of OLTP systems: Typically supports a large number of users running the RDBMS. Since users wait for data to be returned to requests, response time is of great importance. OLTP systems are read-write intensive. The read-write rating may vary depending on the application.

DSS (Decision Support System)- decision support systems are used in decision-making processes. These decisions can be based on information such as sales intensity in certain regions, a sample of buyers for a certain product, a sorted list of email addresses, etc.
Characteristics of DSS: Long-running queries versus large amounts of data. Users of DSS systems are forced to wait minutes, hours, and sometimes several days for a response to a request. Data is usually collected from various sources and then processed. The DSS system is associated with an intensive read process (write processes
occur much less frequently).

Data Mart is a smaller version of the data warehouse (focused on solving highly specialized problems), while retaining many of the features of Data Warehouse.
Characteristics of the Information Shop: Typically 100 gigabytes of data or less. Just like a data warehouse supports a large number of users and allows you to generate complex solutions.

Video server: Allows you to support a large number of video streams. These video streams can be used on demand, for entertainment and as educational courses.
Characteristic features of a video server: Must have high bandwidth to support multiple video streams. Also, must be able to handle heavy I/O load. When reading from devices, large blocks of data that are little fragmented are loaded at once.

OLAP(Online Analytical Processing)- analytical processing in real time. Typically used in conjunction with multidimensional data. OLAP users are financial analysts or marketing personnel who work with data at a global level.
Characteristic features of OLAP systems: require large amounts of disk memory and powerful computing systems. An OLAP system can only support a small number of users. However, the number of users depends on the specific configuration.

Conclusion

The FORS Training and Consulting Center was formed as a division of the FORS company in 1994, becoming a pioneer in the field of IT education. Today, UKTs FORS is part of the FORS group of companies, engaged in almost all areas of IT - from classical development, distribution and technical support software products up to innovative solutions for digital transformation of the economy.

UKTs FORS is one of the first Russian training centers that received authorization from Oracle Corporation and began training according to the program of authorized Oracle courses. We have come a long way - from a department in the FORS company, teaching Oracle courses in a single class, to one of the largest authorized Oracle Training Centers in Central and Eastern Europe.

UCC FORS has a license for educational activities, which exempts our clients from paying VAT and makes it possible to include training costs in tax expenses.
During this time, we have come a long way from the Force department dedicated to teaching Oracle courses to the largest authorized Oracle training center in Eastern Europe.
Since 1998, we have been providing our clients with certification services at the Testing Center. The Force training center is authorized by the largest international certification company VUE. Our clients have the opportunity to order almost all tests available for taking in the Russian region.

Our teachers include the best specialists who were at the forefront of the implementation of Oracle in Russia. All this, combined with high requirements for the organization of the training process in authorized training centers, serves to obtain best results on the mastery of programs by students in Oracle courses.

The high level of professionalism and vast practical experience of our teachers allows us to keep up with the latest Oracle developments and quickly implement the latest learning programs, maintaining market leadership. All Force teachers are certified by Oracle Corporation and participate in various projects to create corporate information systems on Oracle.

ORACLE CERTIFICATION

The status of an Oracle certified specialist confirms the professionalism of the company's employees. Due to the complexity of Oracle software products and technologies, certified administrators and developers are among the most sought-after IT professionals in the world.
The presence of specialists on staff gives the company a competitive advantage - it shows that business processes are supported by specialists who are familiar with the standards accepted in the industry.

ORACLE Certification Levels:

Oracle Certified Associate (OCA) – First level Confirms that the specialist has the knowledge to perform basic operations in the selected area

Oracle Certified Professional (OCP) – basic level Confirms the ability to solve a full range of problems in the chosen area

Oracle Certified Expert (OCE) - specialized certification Confirms the specialist's knowledge that allows him to perform basic operations, and his ability to solve a full range of tasks on certain technologies and Oracle architecture

Oracle Certified Master (OCM) - the highest level Confirms that its holder is an expert in Oracle technologies and has the highest level of knowledge, experience and skill

You can get acquainted with the Oracle certification program, preparation for a specific test and the necessary additional courses, find out about the possibility of purchasing a voucher for taking the test, and also get acquainted in detail with all available certifications and tests on the Oracle website, in the Certification section and on our page dedicated to certification and testing.

The professional retraining program is dedicated to the main areas in the field of networking and system administration, as well as database development and administration technologies.

The program has built-in official authorized training courses Microsoft, Cisco network academy program courses and NDG Linux vendor, EMC academy courses. The program examines network and system administration technologies, general issues of database organization, technologies for developing and administering Microsoft databases SQL Server and PostgreSQL.

While studying on the program, you will learn:

How to prepare equipment for installation of operating rooms Linux systems and Windows;
Fundamentals of operating system administration and system administration tasks:
- Scheduling users and groups;
- Controlling access to basic OS resources;
- Configuring servers and workstations for network operation;
Regulations for carrying out preventive work to support operating systems as parts of an information and communication system;
Principles of building packet networks, basic switching and routing technologies used in corporate network solutions;
Principles of organization of the Microsoft SQL Server DBMS;
Theoretical basis tools for data manipulation in the relational model of Microsoft SQL Server;
Factors affecting query performance;
Principles of data manipulation and ensuring data integrity in Microsoft SQL Server databases;
Principles for planning effective index structures;
Physical structure of databases;
Principles of storing and processing spatial, XML and BLOB data;
Transaction log concept and database recovery model SQL data Server;
Aspects of secure data storage;
Principles of creating and implementing ETL solutions;
Architecture and implementation principles, configuration parameters of the PostgreSQL DBMS;
PostgreSQL Database Security Fundamentals;
Benefits of using PL/pgSQL;
Basics of the PL/pgSQL language;
Built-in PostgreSQL functions;
Supported argument and return data types.

For more information about the courses, see the page with the educational trajectory and content of each program module.

The final certification for the program is Final qualifying work.

The professional retraining program opens up training opportunities and preparation for certification exams within:

Cisco Networking Academy programs:
- LPI Linux Essentials Professional Development according to the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) standard
Microsoft authorized courses:

Start date

October 1 (October - June, September - December)
March 1 (March - June, September - May)

There are no classes in July and August - holidays!

Lesson mode

The form of study is full-time and part-time (evening).

Classes are held 2-4 times a week for 4 ac. hours (on weekdays from 18:00, on weekends from 10:00 or from 14:00).

Prerequisites

The program is intended for specialists with higher, secondary vocational education, and senior students. Admission rules...

To enter you must pass

Computer test No. VKT-113.2 Operating system MS Windows

The concept of operating systems. Functions and classification of operating systems.
Composition of MS Windows. Hardware requirements.
The concept of the original and localized versions of the program.
Keyboard layout. Switch language.
Working with the mouse in MS Windows: pointers and types of operations.
MS Windows interface. Essential elements.
Window elements in MS Windows. Window display modes, window operations. Types of windows.
Launching, ending applications, switching between them.
Elements of dialog boxes, filling out fields in dialog boxes.
Operations with pictograms. Types of pictograms.
Types of menus and commands. Ways to execute commands.
Main menu. Sections of the Main Menu.
Shut down MS Windows. Reboot the system.
Standard Applications MS Windows: graphics editor Paint, text Word editor, Calculator. Standard buttons in applications.
Opening and saving documents.
Clipboard. Copying and moving data via the Clipboard.
Shortcuts: definition, types, methods of creation, operations.
File system. Namespace.
Application "My Computer (Computer)": go to the desired drive and folder; viewing modes; creating and renaming folders; selecting, copying, moving and deleting objects; cancellation last action; changing properties and setting parameters.
Search files and folders.
Taskbar: purpose, settings.
Desktop: purpose, settings. Arranging windows and icons.
Setting up the Main Menu.
Setting up the Control Panel: Date/Time, Keyboard, Mouse, Printers, Fonts, Screen.